Verbs or main verbs or lexical verbs or full verbs function as the head of a verb phrase, either alone or preceded by one or more auxiliaries.

We can find different forms of verb:

Main Verb
1. Base form: go, make, do, dance, read…
The base form type has four main usages:
a. Present tense ( except for the third person singular number )
b. Imperative
c. Present subjunctive
d. Infinitive.

2.’- s’ or ‘-es’ form: goes, makes, does, dances, reads
This form is for third person singular present tense.

3. Past form: went, made, done, danced, read. We find strong verbs or irregular verbs and weak verbs or regular verbs when we change the present form of the verb to past.

Auxiliary Verbs:
An auxiliary verb (or a helping verb as it’s also called) is used with a main verb to help express the main verb’s tense, mood, or voice.

1. Be verbs: Be, am, is, are, was, were, shall, will, been
Examples:
She was waiting for an hour.
She is waiting in the hall.
She will be waiting outside.
Our dessert was eaten by the dog.
The geese are driven through the snicket.
The phone will be disconnected tomorrow.

2. Have verbs: Have, has, had
Examples:
I have written a letter.
They had called me.
You have made a mistake.
She has to call the police.

3. Do verbs: does, do, did,
Examples:
Do you know him?
Do not play here.
He did not invite me.

4. Modal verb:
The modal verbs of English are a small class of auxiliary verbs used mostly to express modality (properties such as possibility, obligation, etc.). They can be distinguished from other verbs by their defectiveness (they do not have participle or infinitive forms) and by their neutralization (that they do not take the ending -(e)s in the third-person singular).
The principal English modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, have to and would. Certain other verbs are sometimes, but not always, classed as modals; these include ought, had better, and (in certain uses) dare and need. Verbs which share only some of the characteristics of the principal modals are sometimes called “quasi-modals”, “semi-modals”, or “pseudo-modals”.
Here’s a list of the modal verbs in English:
can, could, may, might, will, would, must, shall, should, ought to

Examples in sentence
Children must do their homework.
You should stop smoking.
Could I leave early today, please?
You may not use the car tonight.
Can we swim in the lake?
When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.

Participles
A participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjective, to create verb tense, or to create the passive voice or as the head of a participle phrase.

1. ‘-ing’ participle or present participle form: doing, going, making, doing, dancing, reading. Present participle can not express the time of the work itself, it takes with it one or more auxiliary verbs to mean the time of the verb phrase.

2. ‘-ed ‘ participle or past participle: went, made, done, danced, read. ‘-ed’ participles are used in: perfect aspect, passive voice, ‘-ed’ participle causes, as the main verb.

Finite verbs
A finite verb is a form of a verb that has a subject and can function as the root of an independent clause; an independent clause can, in turn, stand alone as a complete sentence. In many languages, finite verbs are the locus of grammatical information of gender, person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and voice. It works as the main verb. A finite verb is an independent verb. Follow the examples:
I go to school.
They do jump.
We clean the house.
We play on the ground.

Non-finite verb
A nonfinite verb is a verb that is not finite. Nonfinite verbs cannot perform action as the root of an independent clause. Most nonfinite verbs found in English are infinitives, participles and gerunds. Additional non finite forms found in some other languages include converbs, gerundives and supines. Present and Past Participles, Gerunds, Infinitives are the main types of nonfinite verbs.

Regular verb or weak verb and Irregular verb or strong verb
An English verb can be regular or irregular. Regular verbs form their past and past participle forms by adding –ed.
Examples are given below.
Walk – walked – walked
Dance – danced – danced
Paint – painted – painted
Work – worked – worked

Irregular verbs form their past and past participle forms in different ways.

There are mainly three types of irregular verbs.
Verbs in which all the three forms are the same (e.g. put – put – put)
Verbs in which two of the three forms are the same (e.g. sit – sat – sat)
Verbs in which all three forms are different (e.g. drink – drank – drunk)

Some verbs can be both regular and irregular. Examples are:
Burn – burnt – burnt (irregular)
Burn – burned – burned (regular)
Dream – dreamt – dreamt (irregular)
Dream – dreamed – dreamed (regular)
Lean – lent – lent (irregular)
Lean – leaned – leaned (regular)
Learn – learnt – learnt (irregular)
Learn – learned – learned (regular)
Leap – leapt – leapt (irregular)
Leap – leaped – leaped (regular)
Smell – smelt – smelt (irregular)
Smell – smelled – smelled (regular)
Spill – spilt – spilt (irregular)
Spill – spilled – spilled (regular)
Spoil – spoilt – spoilt (irregular)
Spoil – spoiled – spoiled (regular)

Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs require an object to complete their meaning.
Examples:
We enjoyed the concert.
I opened the door.
She kicked the ball.
He took me to a restaurant.
I saw an accident.
He copied my answer.

Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs cannot have a direct object after them. The subject is doing the action of the verb and nothing receives the action. An intransitive verb does not pass the action to an object.
Examples:
We arrived around midday.
She sneezed loudly.
Your baby cries a lot.
His grandfather died last year.
The rain fell heavily.
I was waiting but nothing happened.
The jokes were not funny and nobody laughed.
I walk to work every day.
We sat on the bench.
He stood in the corner.
We waited but nobody came.

Example sentences of verbs that are both transitive and intransitive
(transitive) – (intransitive)
I stopped the car. – The car stopped.
I broke my coffee mug. – My coffee mug broke.
The summer heat melted my ice cream. – My ice cream melted.
She speaks Arabic. – She speaks very quickly.
Mike is reading a book. – Mike is reading.
New Zealand won the match. – New Zealand won.

Gerund
A gerund (/ˈdʒɛrənd, -ʌnd/ abbreviated ger) is any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages; most often, but not exclusively, one that functions as a noun. In English, it has the properties of both verb and noun, such as being modifiable by an adverb and being able to take a direct object. The term “-ing form” is often used in English to refer to the gerund specifically. Traditional grammar makes a distinction within ‘-ing’ forms between present participles and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern grammars as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
Thus, English grammar uses gerund to mean an -ing form used in non-finite clauses such as playing on computers. This is not a normal use for a Latin gerund. Moreover, the clause may function within a sentence as subject or object, which is impossible for a Latin gerund.
Playing on computers is fun. (‘-ing’ clause as Subject)
I like playing on computers (‘-ing’ clause as Object)

Examples
Swimming is fun. (gerund as subject of the sentence)
I like swimming. (gerund as direct object)
I never gave swimming all that much effort. (gerund as indirect object)
Eating biscuits in front of the television is one way to relax. (gerund phrase as subject)
Do you fancy going out? (gerund phrase as direct object)
On being elected president, he moved with his family to the capital. (gerund phrase as the complement of a preposition)

Infinitives
The infinitive form of a verb is the verb in its basic form. The infinitive form of a verb is usually preceded by “to” (e.g., “to run,” “to dance,” “to think”). The infinitive form is not always preceded by “to.” Look at these examples:
I need to run every day.
(The infinitive form with the word “to” is called the “full infinitive” or “to-infinitive.”)
I must run every day.
(After certain verbs, the “to” is dropped. The word “to” is not a preposition. It is often called the “sign of the infinitive.” There’s more on this below.)
I run every day.
(This is not in the infinitive form. This is a finite verb, i.e., a verb functioning as the main verb.)
An infinitive is a non-finite verb. In other words, it cannot be the main verb in a sentence. An infinitive can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

Here are some examples of infinitive verbs as nouns:
To dance was her passion.
(The infinitive is the subject of “was.”)
Compare it to this:
Dancing was her passion.
(This proves that the infinitive “to dance” is being used a noun.)
Here is another example:
He likes to hunt.
(The infinitive is the direct object of “likes.”)
Compare it to this:
He likes hunting.
(This proves that the infinitive “to hunt” is being used a noun.)

Mood
Verb moods are classifications that indicate the attitude of the speaker. Verbs have three moods—indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.
Mood is the form a verb takes to show how it is to be regarded (e.g., as a fact, a command, a wish, an uncertainty).
There are three moods in English.

The Indicative Mood
The indicative mood states a fact or asks a question. For example:
The sky is blue.
Why is the sky blue?
The cat sat on the mat.
Is the cat on the mat?
A black cat crossing your path signifies that the animal is going somewhere. (Comedian Groucho Marx).

The Imperative Mood
The imperative mood expresses an order. For example:
Make your bed.
Go away!
Get out!
Please leave the building calmly.
Don’t give up on your dreams. Keep sleeping.

The Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive mood shows a wish, a suggestion, a demand, or condition contrary to fact. For example:
I wish it were true.
I demand he be released.
He wishes it were him.
(This is a wish. Note the use of were instead of was.)
I suggest he be told.
(This is a suggestion. Note the use of be instead of is.)
I demand he apologise.
(This is a demand. Note the use of apologise instead of apologises.)
If I were you, I’d leave.
(This is a condition contrary to fact. Note the use of were instead of was.)

Exercises

A. Answer the following questions.
1. Write all types of auxiliary verbs. Use them in sentences.
2. What are the diffrences between present and past participle? Write their uses with examples.
3. How finite and nonfinite verbs are different?
4. How regular and irregular verbs are different from one another?
5. What is infinitive verb? Give example.

B. Complete the following sentences using the past or past participle form of the verb given in the parenthesis.
1. It has been ages since I last ……………… him. (see)
2. The old man has ……………….. better days (see)
3. The cat ………………. all the milk. (drink)
4. The child has ………………… all the milk. (drink)

C. Find out the participles and name them:
1. A laughing man is stronger than a suffering man. (Gustave Flaubert, 1821-1880)
2. If you pick up a starving dog and make him prosperous, he will not bite you. This is the principal difference between a dog and a man. (Mark Twain, 1835-1910)
3. The only thing that comes to a sleeping man is dreams. (Tupac Shakur)
4. Broken window
5. Painted frame
6. Destroyed bridge

D. Change the base form of the verb to past form.
Go, Dance, Eat, Sleep, Talk, Run, Cry, Die, Jump, Drink, Play, Move, Hold, Call, See, Come, Move, Read

E. Name the verbs in the following sentences, and tell in each case whether the verb is transitive or intransitive.
1. The boy cut the pencil with a knife.
2. The sun shines brightly.
3. The clock stopped this morning
4. Put away your books.
5. The cat sleeps on the rug.
6. The fire burns dimly.
7. Time changes all things.
8. They eat three times a day,
9. Tell the truth.
10. The birds sing in the tree.
11. I could not spare the time.
12. Birds fly in the air.
13. I shall bring my camera with me.
14. You speak too loudly.
15. The cat ran after me.