- Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy. It initially appeared in a censored and serialised version, published by the British illustrated newspaper The Graphic in 1891, then in book form in three volumes in 1891, and as a single volume in 1892. Though now considered a major 19th-century English novel and Hardy’s magnum opus, Tess of the d’Urbervilles received mixed reviews when it first appeared, in part because it challenged the sexual morals of late Victorian England. Tess was portrayed as a fighter not only for her rights, but also for the rights of others.
- The novel is set in an impoverished rural England, Thomas Hardy’s fictional Wessex.
- Plot
- The Maiden
- Tess Durbeyfield, a country girl of sixteen, is the eldest child of Joan and John Durbeyfield, a haggler. When the local parson tells John that “Durbeyfield” is a corruption of “D’Urberville”, and that he is descended from an ancient Norman family, John celebrates by getting drunk. Tess drives to market in her father’s place, but falls asleep at the reins; the wagon crashes and the family’s only horse is killed. Feeling guilty, she agrees to visit Mrs d’Urberville, a rich widow, to “claim kin”, unaware that the widow’s late husband, Simon Stoke, had merely adopted the surname to distance himself from his tradesman’s roots.
- Alec d’Urberville, the son, is attracted to Tess and finds her a job as his mother’s poultry keeper. Tess resists Alec’s manipulative attentions, but her youth and inexperience obscure from her the real threat to her virtue. One night, on the pretence of rescuing her from a fight, Alec takes her on his horse to a remote spot and it is implied that he rapes her.
- Maiden No More
- The following summer, Tess gives birth to a sickly boy that does not survive long. She names him Sorrow.
- The Rally
- Some years later, Tess finds employment as a milkmaid at Talbothays Dairy, where her past is unknown. She falls in love with Angel Clare, an apprentice gentleman farmer who is studying dairy management.
- The Consequence
- “He jumped up from his seat… and went quickly toward the desire of his eyes.” 1891 illustration by Joseph Syddall
- Angel’s father, a clergyman, is surprised that his son wishes to marry a milkmaid but makes no objection, understanding Tess to be a pure and devout country maiden.
- Feeling she has no choice but to conceal her past, Tess is reluctant to accept Angel’s marriage proposal, but eventually agrees. She later tries several times to tell Angel of her history, but he says that they can share confidences after the wedding.
- The couple spend their wedding night at an old d’Urberville mansion. When Angel confesses that he once had a brief affair with an older woman, Tess finally tells him about Alec, sure now he will understand and forgive.
- The Woman Pays
- Angel is appalled. Tess is not the pure maiden he took her for and, although he concedes she was “more sinned against” than sinning, he feels that her “want of firmness” amounts to a character flaw. The couple separate after a few days, with Tess returning home and Angel travelling to Brazil to try farming there.
- Tess’s family soon exhaust the funds Angel has given her and she is forced to take field work at the starve-acre farm of Flintcomb-Ash.
- The Convert
- Alec d’Urberville continues to pursue Tess although she is already married. When Tess learns from her younger sister ‘Liza-Lu that her parents are ill, she rushes home. Her mother recovers but her father dies, and the destitute family is evicted from their home. Alec tells Tess that her husband will never return and he offers to house the Durbeyfields on his estate. She refuses.
- Angel’s farming venture fails, he repents of his treatment of Tess, and he decides to return to England.
- Fulfilment
- After a long search, Angel finds an elegantly-dressed Tess living in a boarding house in the fashionable seaside resort of Sandbourne, under the name of “Mrs d’Urberville”. In anguish, Tess tells him he has arrived too late. Angel reluctantly leaves.
- Tess and Alec argue, and Tess leaves the house. Sitting in her parlour beneath the d’Urbervilles’ rented rooms, the landlady notices a spreading red spot – a bloodstain – on the ceiling. Tess has stabbed Alec to death in his bed.
- Tess chases after Angel and tells him of the deed. The couple find an empty house and stay there for five days in blissful and loving seclusion before being forced to move on to evade capture. In the night they stumble upon Stonehenge. Tess asks Angel to marry and look after ‘Liza-Lu when she is gone. She sleeps on an ancient stone altar. At dawn, while Tess sleeps on, Angel sees they are surrounded. Tess’s final words on waking are “I am ready.”
- The novel closes with Angel and ‘Liza-Lu looking down at 8 a.m. from a nearby hill over the town of Wintoncester (Winchester) as a black flag signalling Tess’s execution is raised over the prison. Angel and ‘Liza-Lu go on their way hand in hand.
- Principal characters
- Tess Durbeyfield, the novel’s protagonist, a country girl
- John and Joan Durbeyfield, Tess’s parents
- Eliza Louisa (‘Liza-Lu) Durbeyfield, the eldest of Tess’s younger siblings
- Angel Clare, intending farmer who becomes Tess’s husband
- Alec d’Urberville, Tess’s seducer/rapist and father of her child
- Mrs d’Urberville (or Stoke-d’Urberville), Alec’s mother
- Marian, Izz Huett and Retty Priddle, milkmaids, friends of Tess
- Reverend and Mrs Clare, Angel’s parents
- Reverends Felix and Cuthbert Clare, Angel’s brothers
- Mercy Chant, schoolteacher whom Angel’s family initially hopes he will marry
Tess of the d’Ubervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (1891) – Thomas Hardy
About the Author: Abirlal Mukherjee (Mukhopadhyay)
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