- Sound Change
- Neogrammarian laws (Grimm’s, Verner’s, etc.)
- Sound change types, lexical diffusion, analogy
- Reconstructing proto-languages, tree/wave models
- Morphosyntactic and Semantic Change
- Syncretism, grammaticalization
- Semantic change: extension, narrowing, figurative use
- Linguistic Reconstruction
- External/internal methods, cognates, paradigms
- Exceptions: analogy, borrowing, onomatopoeia
- Language Contact and Dialect Geography
- Borrowing types, tadbhava/tatsama, pidgins/creoles
- Dialect atlas, isoglosses, focal areas
Historical Linguistics
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