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About the Author: Abirlal Mukherjee

Assistant Professor (Amity University), Digital Humanist
Ph.D in English (GITAM, India), M.A. and B.A. in English (B.C.C., B.K.U, India), P.G.D.E. -I by Research (B.C.U, UK), TESOL Prof. Certification (Arizona State University, USA)

Founder, Chair of the Secretaries of University Learner, India School on Internet Governance Fellow 2024, IIM-B, Member of Internet Society, Bangalore, Internal Complaints Committee Member, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, Teach for India Fellow 2023 and Fellowship Recruitment Committee, Delhi

View all posts by Abirlal Mukherjee | Website

Computer

Generations of Computer
1st Generation
2nd Generation
3rd Generation
4th Generation
5th Generation
Time Period
1940’s -50’s
1950’s -60’s
1960’s -70’s
1970’s to present
Present
Based on
Vacuum tubes
Transistors
Integrated circuits
LSI and VLSI microprocessor
ULSI, Microprocessor, AI
Language
Machine language
Assembly language
BASIC, PASCAL
C, C++
SQL
Memory
4000 bits
32000 bits
128000 bits
100 million bits
Unlimited
Size
Very large
Relatively smaller
Relatively smaller
Micro Computer
Tiny computer
Example
ENIAC, VNIVAC
IBM 400, IBM 1600
VNIVAC 9000
Personal Computer
Laptop, AI based gadgets
Types of Computer
Based on Operation
Analog Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computer
Based on Size
Super computer
Mainframe computer
Mini computer
Microcomputer

Components of Computer

  1. Input Unit:
    1. Keyboard:
      1. Keyboard of Earlier PC had 84 Keys, Modern Keyboards have 101 -104 keys
      2. Different Keyboard layouts are: QWERTY, QWERTZ, AZERTY, DVORAK
    2. Mouse
    3. Trackball
    4. Digitizer or Graphical Tablet
    5. Touchpad
    6. Touchscreen
    7. Joystick
    8. Light Pen
    9. Scanner
    10. Barcode Reader
    11. Webcam
    12. Microphone
  2. Output Devices
    1. Monitor
    2. Projectors
    3. Printer
    4. Speaker and Headphone
  3. Memory:
    1. RAM:
      1. Random Access Memory
      2. Volatile Memory, if computer is turned off, the memory will be lost.
      3. Volatile Memory needs steady flow of electricity to store data.
      4. Two types of RAM are:
        1. SRAM: Static Random Access Memory
        2. DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory
    2. ROM
      1. Read Only Memory
      2. Primary and initial memory used to read data. It can not be removed. Used to operate the computer.
      3. Types:
        1. PROM
        2. EROM
        3. EEPROM
    3. Catche Memory:
      1. A small size of memory embaded to the RAM or Processor. It is the fastest memory.
    4. Memory Unit:
      1. 1 Nibble = 4 bits
      2. 1 Byte = 8 bits
      3. 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes
      4. 1 Megabyte = 1024 bytes
      5. 1 gigabyte = 1024 Megabyte
      6. 1 Terabyte
      7. 1 petabyte
      8. 1 exabyte
      9. 1 zettabyte
      10. 1 yottabyte
      11. 1 Brontobyte
      12. 1 Geobyte
  4. Software
    1. System Software
      1. Microsoft window, Linux, mac, Android
      2. Application software
  5. Programming language
    1. BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCAL, C, C++
    2. Low Level Language
      1. Machine Language:
        1. It has only two digits, 0 = OFF and 1= ON
        2. Considered as the first generation language.
      2. Assembly language.
    3. High Level Language
      1. Example: COBOL= Common Business Oriented Language. BASIC = Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. FORTRAN = Formula Translation. PASCAL, PYTHON, JAVA etc.
  6. File formats:
    1. Microsoft Word Document: .docx or .doc
    2. microsoft Excel Work book: .xlsx or xls
    3. Microsoft powerpoint: .pptx or ppt
    4. Images: .jpeg or .jpg
    5. Portable document: .pdf
    6. Adobe photoshop file: .psd
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