Macbeth or The Tragedy of Macbeth – William Shakespeare

1. Macbeth or The Tragedie of Macbeth is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. It is thought to have been first performed in 1606.
2.  Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I, Macbeth most clearly reflects his relationship with King James, patron of Shakespeare’s acting company.
3. It was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book, and is Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy.
4. Shakespeare’s source for the story is the account of Macbeth, King of Scotland, Macduff, and Duncan in Holinshed’s Chronicles (1587), a history of England, Scotland, and Ireland familiar to Shakespeare and his contemporaries, although the events in the play differ extensively from the history of the real Macbeth. The events of the tragedy are usually associated with the execution of Henry Garnet for complicity in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
5. Sources:
   1. A principal source comes from the Daemonologie of King James published in 1597 which included a news pamphlet titled Newes from Scotland that detailed the famous North Berwick witch trials of 1590
   2. Macbeth has been compared to Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. As characters, both Antony and Macbeth seek a new world, even at the cost of the old one.
   3. Shakespeare borrowed the story from several tales in Holinshed’s Chronicles, a popular history of the British Isles well known to Shakespeare and his contemporaries. In Chronicles, a man named Donwald finds several of his family put to death by his king, Duff, for dealing with witches. After being pressured by his wife, he and four of his servants kill the king in his own house.
   4. The characters of Banquo, the Weird Sisters, and Lady Macbeth were first mentioned in 1527 by a Scottish historian Hector Boece in his book Historia Gentis Scotorum (History of the Scottish People) who wanted to denigrate Macbeth in order to strengthen the claim of the House of Stewart to the Scottish throne.
   5. Other scholars maintain that a strong argument can be made for associating the tragedy with the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. As presented by Harold Bloom in 2008: “[S]cholars cite the existence of several topical references in Macbeth to the events of that year, namely the execution of the Father Henry Garnett for his alleged complicity in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, as referenced in the porter’s scene.”
6. Characters
   1. Duncan – king of Scotland
   2. Malcolm – Duncan’s elder son
   3. Donalbain – Duncan’s younger son
   4. Macbeth – a general in the army of King Duncan; originally Thane of Glamis, then Thane of Cawdor, and later king of Scotland
   5. Lady Macbeth – Macbeth’s wife, and later queen of Scotland
   6. Banquo – Macbeth’s friend and a general in the army of King Duncan
   7. Fleance – Banquo’s son
   8. Macduff – Thane of Fife
   9. Lady Macduff – Macduff’s wife
   10. Macduff’s son
   11. Ross, Lennox, Angus, Menteith, Caithness – Scottish thanes
   12. Siward – general of the English forces
   13. Young Siward – Siward’s son
   14. Seyton – Macbeth’s armourer
   15. Hecate – queen of the witches
   16. Three Witches
   17. Captain – in the Scottish army
   18. Murderers – employed by Macbeth
   19. Third Murderer
   20. Porter – gatekeeper at Macbeth’s home
   21. Doctor – Lady Macbeth’s doctor
   22. Doctor – at the English court
   23. Gentlewoman – Lady Macbeth’s caretaker
   24. Lord – opposed to Macbeth
   25. First Apparition – armed head
   26. Second Apparition – bloody child
   27. Third Apparition – crowned child
   28. Attendants, Messengers, Servants, Soldiers
7. Plot:
   1. Act I
      1. Amid thunder and lightning, Three Witches decide that their next meeting will be with Macbeth. In the following scene, a wounded sergeant reports to King Duncan of Scotland that his generals Banquo and Macbeth, the Thane of Glamis, have just defeated the allied forces of Norway and Ireland, who were led by the traitorous Macdonwald, the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth, the King’s kinsman, is praised for his bravery and fighting prowess.
      2. In the following scene, Macbeth and Banquo discuss the weather and their victory. As they wander onto a heath, the Three Witches enter and greet them with prophecies. Though Banquo challenges them first, they address Macbeth, hailing him as “Thane of Glamis”, “Thane of Cawdor”, and that he will “be King hereafter”. Macbeth appears to be stunned to silence. When Banquo asks of his own fortunes, the witches respond paradoxically, saying that he will be less than Macbeth, yet happier, and less successful, yet more. He will father a line of kings, though he himself will not be one. While the two men wonder at these pronouncements, the witches vanish, and another thane, Ross, arrives and informs Macbeth of his newly bestowed title: Thane of Cawdor. The first prophecy is thus fulfilled, and Macbeth, previously sceptical, immediately begins to harbour ambitions of becoming king.
      3. King Duncan welcomes and praises Macbeth and Banquo, and Duncan declares that he will spend the night at Macbeth’s castle at Inverness; Duncan also names his son Malcolm as his heir. Macbeth sends a message ahead to his wife, Lady Macbeth, telling her about the witches’ prophecies. Lady Macbeth suffers none of her husband’s uncertainty and wishes him to murder Duncan in order to obtain kingship. When Macbeth arrives at Inverness, she overrides all of her husband’s objections by challenging his manhood and successfully persuades him to kill the king that very night. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncan’s two chamberlains drunk so that they will black out; the next morning they will blame the chamberlains for the murder. Since the chamberlains would remember nothing whatsoever, they would be blamed for the deed.
   2. Act II
      1. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and a number of supernatural portents, including a hallucination of a bloody dagger. He is so shaken that Lady Macbeth has to take charge. In accordance with her plan, she frames Duncan’s sleeping servants for the murder by placing bloody daggers on them. Early the next morning, Lennox, a Scottish nobleman, and Macduff, the loyal Thane of Fife, arrive. A porter opens the gate and Macbeth leads them to the king’s chamber, where Macduff discovers Duncan’s body. Macbeth murders the guards to prevent them from professing their innocence, but claims he did so in a fit of anger over their misdeeds. Duncan’s sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee to England and Ireland, respectively, fearing that whoever killed Duncan desires their demise as well. The rightful heirs’ flight makes them suspects and Macbeth assumes the throne as the new King of Scotland as a kinsman of the dead king. Banquo reveals this to the audience, and while sceptical of the new King Macbeth, he remembers the witches’ prophecy about how his own descendants would inherit the throne; this makes him suspicious of Macbeth.
   3. Act III
      1. Despite his success, Macbeth, also aware of this part of the prophecy, remains uneasy. Macbeth invites Banquo to a royal banquet, where he discovers that Banquo and his young son, Fleance, will be riding out that night. Fearing Banquo’s suspicions, Macbeth arranges to have him murdered, by hiring two men to kill them, later sending a Third Murderer, presumably to ensure that the deed is completed. The assassins succeed in killing Banquo, but Fleance escapes. Macbeth becomes furious: he fears that his power remains insecure as long as an heir of Banquo remains alive.
      2. At the banquet, Macbeth invites his lords and Lady Macbeth to a night of drinking and merriment. Banquo’s ghost enters and sits in Macbeth’s place. Macbeth raves fearfully, startling his guests, as the ghost is visible only to him. The others panic at the sight of Macbeth raging at an empty chair, until a desperate Lady Macbeth tells them that her husband is merely afflicted with a familiar and harmless malady. The ghost departs and returns once more, causing the same riotous anger and fear in Macbeth. This time, Lady Macbeth tells the visitors to leave, and they do so. At the end Hecate scolds the three weird sisters for helping Macbeth, especially without consulting her. Hecate Instructs the Witches to give Macbeth false security. Note that some scholars believe the Hecate scene was added in later.
      3. Macbeth consulting the Vision of the Armed Head by Johann Heinrich Füssli
   4. Act IV
      1. Macbeth, disturbed, visits the three witches once more and asks them to reveal the truth of their prophecies to him. To answer his questions, they summon horrible apparitions, each of which offers predictions and further prophecies to put Macbeth’s fears at rest. First, they conjure an armoured head, which tells him to beware of Macduff (IV.i.72). Second, a bloody child tells him that no one born of a woman will be able to harm him. Thirdly, a crowned child holding a tree states that Macbeth will be safe until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. Macbeth is relieved and feels secure because he knows that all men are born of women and forests cannot possibly move.
      2. Macbeth also asks whether Banquo’s sons will ever reign in Scotland, to which the witches conjure a procession of eight crowned kings, all similar in appearance to Banquo, and the last carrying a mirror that reflects even more kings. Macbeth realises that these are all Banquo’s descendants having acquired kingship in numerous countries.
      3. After the witches perform a mad dance and leave, Lennox enters and tells Macbeth that Macduff has fled to England. Macbeth orders Macduff’s castle be seized, and, most cruelly, sends murderers to slaughter Macduff, as well as Macduff’s wife and children. Although Macduff is no longer in the castle, everyone in Macduff’s castle is put to death, including Lady Macduff and their young son.
      4. Lady Macbeth sleepwalking by Johann Heinrich Füssli
   5. Act V
      1. Lady Macbeth becomes racked with guilt from the crimes she and her husband have committed. At night, in the king’s palace at Dunsinane, a doctor and a gentlewoman discuss Lady Macbeth’s strange habit of sleepwalking. Suddenly, Lady Macbeth enters in a trance with a candle in her hand. Bemoaning the murders of Duncan, Lady Macduff, and Banquo, she tries to wash off imaginary bloodstains from her hands, all the while speaking of the terrible things she knows she pressed her husband to do. She leaves, and the doctor and gentlewoman marvel at her descent into madness.
      2. In England, Macduff is informed by Ross that his “castle is surprised; wife and babes / Savagely slaughter’d” (IV.iii.204–205). When this news of his family’s execution reaches him, Macduff is stricken with grief and vows revenge. Prince Malcolm, Duncan’s son, has succeeded in raising an army in England, and Macduff joins him as he rides to Scotland to challenge Macbeth’s forces. The invasion has the support of the Scottish nobles, who are appalled and frightened by Macbeth’s tyrannical and murderous behaviour. Malcolm leads an army, along with Macduff and Englishmen Siward (the Elder), the Earl of Northumberland, against Dunsinane Castle. While encamped in Birnam Wood, the soldiers are ordered to cut down and carry tree branches to camouflage their numbers.
      3. Before Macbeth’s opponents arrive, he receives news that Lady Macbeth has killed herself, causing him to sink into a deep and pessimistic despair and deliver his “To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow” soliloquy (V.v.17–28). Though he reflects on the brevity and meaninglessness of life, he nevertheless awaits the English and fortifies Dunsinane. He is certain that the witches’ prophecies guarantee his invincibility, but is struck with fear when he learns that the English army is advancing on Dunsinane shielded with boughs cut from Birnam Wood, in apparent fulfillment of one of the prophecies.
      4. A battle culminates in Macduff’s confrontation with Macbeth, who kills Young Siward in combat. The English forces overwhelm his army and castle. Macbeth boasts that he has no reason to fear Macduff, for he cannot be killed by any man born of woman. Macduff declares that he was “from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripp’d” (V.8.15–16), (i.e., born by Caesarean section and not a natural birth) and is not “of woman born”, fulfilling the second prophecy. Macbeth realises too late that he has misinterpreted the witches’ words. Though he realises that he is doomed, and despite Macduff urging him to yield, he is unwilling to surrender and continues fighting. Macduff kills and beheads him, thus fulfilling the remaining prophecy.
      5. Macduff carries Macbeth’s head onstage and Malcolm discusses how order has been restored. His last reference to Lady Macbeth, however, reveals “’tis thought, by self and violent hands / Took off her life” (V.ix.71–72), but the method of her suicide is undisclosed. Malcolm, now the King of Scotland, declares his benevolent intentions for the country and invites all to see him crowned at Scone.
      6. (Although Malcolm, and not Fleance, is placed on the throne, the witches’ prophecy concerning Banquo (“Thou shalt get kings”) was known to the audience of Shakespeare’s time to be true: James VI of Scotland (later also James I of England) was supposedly a descendant of Banquo.)