Beryl Bainbridge:
- was an English writer from Liverpool.
- She was known for her works of psychological fictions.
- Brainbridge won the Whitebread Award prize for best novel in 977 and 996.
- She was nominated five times for the Booker Prize.
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner:
- Longest poem by English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
- Relates the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea voyage.
- The mariner stops a man who is on the way to wedding ceremony and begins to narrate a story.
“The Comprehensive Output Hypothesis” was proposed by:
- Merrill Swain
- It states that learning takes place when a learner encounters a gap in his or her linguistic knowledge of the second language.
Ignatius Sancho
- A British composer, actor, and writer.
- He is the first known Black Briton to vote in a British election.
- He gained fame in his time as “the extraordinary Negro”.
- To 8th Century British abolitionists he became a symbol of the humanity of Africans and immortality of the slave trade.
Mother Courage
- One of the greatest plays of the 20th century
- Perhaps the greatest anti-war play of all time.
- The camp prostitute, Yvette Pottier, sings “The Fraternization Song”.
- Mother Courage uses this song to warn Kattrin against involving herself with soldiers.
Madame Bovary – Gustave Flaubert
- The debut novel of French writer Gustave Flaubert.
- The story focuses on a doctor’s wife. Emma Bovary, who has adulterous affairs and lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life.
- While Charles believes that she is taking piano lessons, Emma travels to the city of each week to meet Leon, always in the same room to the hotel which the two come to view as their home.
C.S.Lakshmi
- a Tamil feminist writer and independent researcher in women’s studies from India. She writes under the pseudonym Ambai
- Some of her books are: The Purple Sea (1992) and A Forest, A Deer (20060 have been translated in English by Lakshmi Holmstrom.
Sonnets from the Portuguese:
- A collection of 44 love sonnets written by Elizabeth Bannet Browning.
- The collection was acclaimed and population during the poet’s lifetime and it remains so.
The Songs of My Experience with Truth
- autobiography of Mohandas K. Gandhi, covering his life from early childhood through to 1921.
- It was written in weekly instalments and published in his journal Navjivan from 925 to 1829.
- Its English translation also appeared in instalments in his other Journal Young India.
Grapheme
- In linguistics, a grapheme is the samllest unit of a writing system of any given language.
- An individual grapheme may or may not carry meaning by itself, and may or may correspond to a single phoneme of the spoken language.
The Joy of Motherhood
- A novel written by Buchi Emecheta.
- It was first published by Allison & Busby in 1979 and was reprinted in Heinemann’s African Writers Series in 2008.
- This novel explores the life of a Nigerian woman, Nnu Ego. Nnu’s life centers on her children and through them, she gains the respect of her community.
Heteroglossia
- Describes the coexistence of distinct varieties within a single “language”.
- Russian linguist Mikhail Bakhtin defines heteroglossia as “another’s speech in another’s language, serving to express authorial intentions but in a refracted way” (1934).
- Bakhtin identifies the direct narrative of the author, rather than dialogue between characters, as the primary location of this conflict.
Ulysses – James Joyce
- Leopard Bloom is a fictional character
- His peregrinations and encounters in Dublin on June 6, 1904 mirror, on a more mundane and intimate scale, those of Ulysses/Odysseus in Homer’s epic poem the Odyssey.
Harold Pinter
- A Nobel Prize winner English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor.
- Pinter’s career as a playwright began with a production of The Room in 1957.
- The Caretaker is a play in three acts by Harold Pinter.
Thomas Carew
- An English poet among the ‘Cavalier’ group of Caroline poets.
- Thomas Carew quotes – Here lies a King that ruled, as h thought fit,/ The universal monarchy of wit.
Alec Derwent Hope
- An Australian poet and essayist known for his satirical slant. He was alsi a critic, teacher and academian. He was also a critic, teacher and academic.
- He was referred to in an American journal as “the 20th century’s greatest 8th century poet”.
Novels
- Sister Carrie – 1900
- The Great Gatsby – 925
- Beloved – 987
- American Pastoral – 1997
Life & Times of Michael K
- is a 1983 novel by a south African born writer J.M.Coetzee.
- The novel won the Booker Prize for 1983.
- The novel is a story of a man named Michael K, who makes an arduous journey from Cape Town to his mother’s ruler birthplace, during an imaginary civil war during the apartheid era, in the 1970 – 1980s.
The Golden Apples of the Sun
- an anthology of short stories by Ray Bradbury.
- One of the stories is also the book’s namesake.
- The words “the golden apples of the sun” are from the last line of the first stanza of W.B.Yeat’s poem “The Songs of Wandering Aengus.”
Travesties
- A 1974 play by Tom Stoppard. The play centers on the figure of Henry Carr, an elderly man who reminisces about Zurich in 1917 during the first world war, and his interactions with James Joyce when he was writing Ulysses, Tristan Tzara during the rise of Dada, and Lenin leading up to the Russian Revolution, all of whom were living in Zurich at that time.
Six Characters in Search of An Author
- 1921 Italian play by Luigi Pirandello
- first performed in that year.
- The Cherry Orchard is the last play by Russian playwright Anton Chekhov. Lopakhin character analysis and review in The Cherry Orchard, by Anton Chekhov.
Periodicals
- The Tatler: 1709
- The Spectator – 1711
- The Gentleman’s Magazine – 1731
- The Rambler – 1750
Herman Northrop Fyre
- A cannadian literary critic and literary theorist, consuidered one of the most influencial of the 20th century.
Hayavardana
- Girish Karnard’s Play Hayavardana has verious cultural implications, which are relavent even today.
- The main plot of the play begins with Kapila, who finds his best friend Devadatta despondently dreaming about Padmini.
Hero and Leander
- a poem by Christopher Marlowe that retells the Greek myth of Hero and Leader.
- The poem may be called an epyllion, that is a “little epic” it is longer than a lyric or elegy, but concerned with love rather than with traditional epic subjects, and it has a lengthy disgression – in this case, Marlowe’s invented story of how scholars became poor.
The Beat Generation
- a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post – World war II era.
Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue
- A Jacobean era masque, written by Ben Johnson and designed by Ingio Jones. It was first performed on Twelfth Night, January 6, 1618, in the Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace.
- The work’s failure on its initial performance, and its subsequent revision, marked a significant development in Jonson’s evolving masque technique.